Tuesday, April 26, 2022

Should we reopen schools or not? It’s more complicated than that

The dozens of passionate comments left on the AusDoc website as to whether schools should open shortly reveal how difficult it is to make wise decisions in an emotionally fraught setting (as when the health of our children is at stake) without a solid base of facts.   


 

It is a terribly complicated matter, unlikely to be resolved painlessly.  

Children, parents, teachers, and workplaces will all be affected one way or another. What might be workable in one locality may not work in another – making a ‘one-size-fits-all’ solution an awkward fit.   

We know that COVID-19 thrives in areas of low-socioeconomic privilege, and we should attend especially to the needs of schools in poorer areas when considering closing them.   

The Australian Bureau of Statistics compared the distribution of deaths reported as due to COVID-19 up to the end of July 2021 in five equal groups, or quintiles, of the population according to socio-economic status. 

It found 155 deaths occurred among men in the least privileged quintile – compared with 43 among the most privileged. And 156 deaths occurred among least privileged women – compared with 40 among the most privileged.1  


So, I wonder if it might be possible to have different policies with regard to school opening for different localities depending on socioeconomic status?   

But hang on, let’s suppose we did make school closure or opening a local decision, what would follow?   

The decisions, if taken locally, would be fearsomely difficult to administer because of their sheer variety. They may overload the bureaucratic system and we have quite enough confusion as it is.  

The US has been criticised for taking this local approach with the choice to open left to 14,000 or so school districts.  

This had “splintered the conversation about school closures into thousands of noisy arguments”, according to The Economist in its 15 January edition.2  

If we closed schools in line with the death statistics just quoted, then those schools in poorer suburbs would be shut while those in the more affluent suburbs would be open.   


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These latter schools may bear the hallmarks of privilege in other ways too including better building stock, less crowding, more health-literate parents, high rates of vaccination and with easy access to healthcare.   

In the poorer areas, if schools remained shut, who would look after the children and enable home learning? Probably parents or other carers who may really need to work to maintain the family income.   

The educational and social development impacts of school closures on the children would be greatest in the areas least able to compensate. Damned if you do and damned if you don’t.  

An international declaration advocating an approach to COVID-19 that favours herd immunity in concert with protection to the most vulnerable and signed in October 2020 by 916,000 epidemiologists and infectious disease specialists, has strong words about lockdowns.3   

“Keeping students out of school is a grave injustice,” the Great Barrington Declaration says.  


That was before Omicron. 

I’m afraid you run into some hard and uncomfortable truths here relating to health and social inequality.  

The significance of inequalities – which we always knew were reflected in health and disease differences – is revealed starkly in the death data related to COVID-19 just quoted. The well-known association of poverty with illness has been amplified greatly.   

It’s as though the virus has stimulated a ‘PCR’ or ‘polymerase chain reaction’ on a substrate of social gradients in health and disease. 

For the moment though – tough as it may seem to say it – we may be left to ‘muddle through’ with regard to school openings.   

If schools do open, so should the windows. If open spaces, indoor and outdoor, are available, use them.   

If the kids can tolerate masks, then they should be encouraged to wear them (I have a profoundly intellectually impaired grandson and he will never wear one).  

Highly effective masks for teachers and administrative staff should be readily available.   

If vaccines are available, let’s jab.   

COVID-19 is not over, and we should be prepared for more mutations and more anguish.   

In the process of that preparation, let’s refresh our thinking about the principles of good health promotion as the basis for effective prevention. 


In 1974, Marc Lalonde, the then Canadian Minister of National Health and Welfare, commissioned a report called A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians.4   It received international acclaim. It aimed to answer Lalonde’s question about why, with all the money Canadians spent on health, things weren’t better.  

At the time a vast amount of that money went into the hospital system, but as the report went on to show, many of the health problems Canadians experienced where potentially preventable if action was taken on the determinants of health way beyond medical care and hospitals.   

It offered the Health Field Concept as a basis. Take for example road deaths: lifestyle, environment and healthcare organisations contribute to traffic deaths in the proportions of something like 75%, 20% and 5% respectively, the report said. Yet this is not how Canadians (and us) had been splitting the money. 

If we adopt this approach to COVID-19, we will not only ensure that our hospitals can cope, but do more about the impact of poor lifestyle and environment on seriously affected communities.  

Schools in less privileged areas are more likely to be of poorer construction. Ventilation may be inadequate.

The prevalence of Omicron may be higher in the community and vaccination rates in the community lower.  

The communities have less reserve to cope with home schooling – think home computers and quiet spaces for students. These are all things that we can do something about! 


We need short-term solutions such as these to the vexed question of school opening, allowing space for different opinions because we don’t have the data to be definitive.  But it is surely better to do something beneficial than nothing. 

COVID-19 has torn into the most vulnerable of our communities in a shocking manner.  

We need to think beyond the current pandemic to the widening gap in health between the haves and have-nots in our society. 

It would be sad if we do not, as Australians, take this opportunity to consider what kind of humane society we want for our future in which we can all flourish – and invest accordingly. 


References: 

1.       The Australian Bureau of Statistics, COVID-19 Mortality, COVID-19 deaths that occurred by 31 July 2021

2.       The Economist, 15 January 2022 

3.       The Great Barrington Declaration, October 2020 

4.       A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians, 1974


Published in the Medical Observer, 19 January 2022

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